Revision history

Version	Author	Description	Date
1.0	D.A. Hutcheon	Initial document	14 January 2003
1.1	D.A. Hutcheon	Update to beam centering procedure	24 March 2003
1.2	A. Olin	Update regarding saving tunes for -1% scaling	10 April 2004
1.3	C. Ruiz	Updated new tune scaling instructions	16 April 2004
1.4	D. Hutcheon	At Mass slits: calculate A/q from B(MD1)^2 / V(ED1)	13 May 2004
1.5	D. Hutcheon	Final XSLITC centring with Scaling Energy	17 June 2004
1.5	D. Hutcheon	Tuning: setting MD2 field	12 May 2005
2.0	D. Hutcheon	Decadal update	26 March 2019

Contents

1. Introduction and Warning
2. Scaling
   1. Loading a previous tune
   2. Saving a tune
3. Centering the beam through the target
   1. Beam position and angle at the windowless gas target
   2. Troubleshooting
4. Tuning beam through the separator
   1. Tuning from charge slits to mass slits
   2. Tuning from mass slits to final slits
5. Tuning the separator for recoil ions
6. Change of selected charge state
7. General Troubleshooting

1 Introduction and Warning

It is assumed that the user has some familiarity with the EPICS control system and the general properties of magnets, electrostatic dipoles, slits and Faraday cups. Detailed description of these devices and of the separator vacuum system are provided in other documents.

Warning: When the End Detector of recoil ions is a solid state device (e.g. double-sided silicon strip detector, DSSSD), care must be taken to avoid transmitting beam through the separator and onto the detector. At typical beam intensities, transmission of as little as 1% of the beam for a fraction of 1 second will be enough to damage a DSSSD. Insert the final Faraday cup, FCF, before doing any tuning of beam through the separator. Check that there is no measurable beam current on FCF before pulling it Out.

2 Scaling (New!)

Saved tunes are named according to date and time of their creation. If you do not know the date/time of a "good" tune (either from memory or a previous logbook entry), consult someone who does. If this is not possible, use the settings in Tables 1 and and 2 multiplied by the MD1 field or current (obtained by measuring the post-target beam energy as described below - for the energy measure to have been valid, Q1 and Q2 fields must have been set in the correct ratio to MD1 field).

2.1 New scaling program instructions

If a new DRAGON tune is required, follow the instructions for "Tuning beam through separator" (section 4.), then follow steps A-I below. If scaling from a previous tune, proceed from step F.

A. Saving a Tune.

It is assumed that at this point the beam has been tuned all the way to FCF, so that the MD’s and ED’s and all quads and steerers have their required values. You should be in "E/q/m" mode. The saved tune is necessary so that when an energy change or charge state change is made, all the elements, including steerers are adjusted accordingly.

Before saving a tune, you must be made sure that the beam energy after the target as calculated by the MD1 NMR field reading ( and using the relation E (keV/u) = 0.0004817(qB/m)2 ) has been entered into the top line of the right-hand side of the scaling window, and ENTER has been pushed. This can be done with the "Calc E from NMR" button. Also check that the following field ratios are correct:

		Q1/MD1 = 0.709

		Q2/MD1 = 0.677

DO NOT press Apply Scaled Tune here. If you do, you will lose your beam tune because you scale these values from the reference tune.

B. Click on the "Save tune as reference" button. This brings up a window called "Reference Tune Parameters" which has a button at the top called "Get scaled values", has a few lines for comments, and has a button at the bottom called "Save current tune as reference".

C. Click on "Get scaled values". This gets the current values of all the electromagnetic element settings, and also gets the current value of the Energy, charge and mass, which are as displayed in the right hand section of the scaling window (check that this is so).

D. Enter Comments. Enter any explanatory comments about the tune

E. Click "Save current tune as reference". The left-hand section of the scaling page, under the heading "Reference Parameters", should read:

      a)	The energy (of the recoil) as in the top line of the right-hand section.

      b)	The mass and charge of the particle, as in the right-hand section.

      c)	The ED1 and ED2 setpoint values as read from optics pages 2 and 4.

If this is not so, then there is a problem and a previous step has been missed or performed incorrectly. If this is OK, then the tune has been saved correctly.

It is now necessary to reload the just saved tune back into the scaling page:

F. Click "Select Reference Tune".

Select the just saved tune.

The values in the right-hand page should now all be the same as the values on the left-hand page, if they are not, then the new tune has not been selected correctly and the scaling will be based on incorrect values.

G. If it is desired to change from beam to recoil or recoil to beam, select the "Beam <-> Recoil" mode and change the particle mass.

H. If a nominal (0%) tune is required, click "Apply scaled tune".

I. If a (-1%) tune is required, enter the new energy value into the top line of the right-hand side, hit ENTER, and then click "Apply scaled tune".

To compensate for hysteresis adjust MD1 and MD2 currents to match the NMR values on the scaling page.

The DRAGON separator now has the new tune saved and loaded.

3 Centering the beam through the target

When quadrupoles Q1 and Q2 are On at normal strength (according to the ratios of Table 1, they produce at the Charge slits following MD1 (XSLITC, YSLITC) an image of the beamspot at the middle of the target. The linear magnification is -0.44 in x and -3.5 in y. When Q1 and Q2 are Off, the beam position at the Charge slits depends on the initial direction of the beam as well: to a fair approximation, the beam behaves as though it has travelled through a 3-m drift space between target and Charge slits (assuming MD1 field has been set to the magnetic rigidity of the beam). Thus, by alternating between "quads On" and "quads Off" it is possible to measure beam position and direction at the target.

If Tune Scaling is used to set Q1, Q2 and MD1, use the "Apply scaled tune (up to MD1)" option.

3.1 Beam position and angle at the windowless gas target

• Locate the 6-mm gas cell aperture in the CCD (if not already known)
  • Gas target pumps must be running, so ion gauge IGU3 can be turned on
  • Valve HEB2:IV8 must be closed, DRA:IV11 open
  • Run a 10-second exposure on the CCD in Focus mode (see CCD instructions.) A light circle should be visible: this is light from IGU3 that has reflected off valve IV8 and come through the 6-mm aperture of the gas cell. Set a Subframe for Width = Height = 150 pixels, centered on the 6-mm aperture.
  • Use the View|Information feature to find the pixel coordinates of the 6-mm aperture. Record them.
• Allow Operations to tune beam through to FCCH in their traditional fashion (to maximize transmission through the target cell), with gas removed by having both BYP1 and OVTR1 valves closed. (Remember to open IV8.)
• Put gas in the target, and adjust MD1 to centre beam at XSLITC. (Q1 and Q2 on.) If the MD1 NMR does not lock, adjust the magnetometer adjustment bar under the MD1 current set adjustment - to lock it.
• Calculate beam energy from the MD1 NMR value. If it is not within a range acceptable to this experiment, inform the Operator and tell them the amount by which it must be changed. Go back 2 giant steps.
• Insert profile monitor PROFCH (icon between MD1 and XSLITC on Optics(1) page). The resolution is 1 mm per channel in X and 2 mm per channel in Y. In this mode each 1 mrad the beam is off-axis at the gas target results in a shift of about 3 mm at PROFCH.
• Observe beamspot on CCD display. Confirm that Operations are able to see the CCD display and the Profile Monitor display.
• Turn off Q1 and Q2. Profiles will broaden at the Profile Monitor, but centroids should not shift if the beam is going straight along the beam axis at the gas target.
• If the beamspot is more than 10 CCD pixels away from the centre of the gas cell or the profile monitor position was > 3 channels in x or 1.5 channels in y, have the Operator adjust the beam
• When beam is centred in position and angle at the gas target, turn Q1 and Q2 back on to confirm the quad On/Off centroids don't shift.
• Retract Profile Monitor and close down XSLITC to 2mm to measure beam energy (Gas In or No-Gas, as desired). Make sure XSLITC is at Position=0. Check the Linear Scales values to confirm that EPICS hasn't been confused by action of the anti-collision switch. If in doubt, hit the calibrate buttons for the slits before taking an accurate energy measurement.)
• Document beam properties. Make a screen-grab of the CCD picture (or equivalent documentation).

3.2 Troubleshooting

• Beam disappears before the operator's adjustments have put the beam on centre: may be due to severe "porpoising" of the beam through HEB2. Suggest to the Operator to check the YCB's after the DTL and before HEB2 to see if any is on hard. If so, a tune may be improved by reducing early vertical steering and re-centring on the beamline harp monitors.
• Beam disappears when doing the horizontal adjustments (XCB6 et al.). This is even more complicated than in the vertical because the "slaloming" can involve the 22.5 degree benders as well as the XCB's. No magic formula here, though it's probably a good idea to start with XCB's off or low.

4 Tuning beam through the separator

4.1 Tuning from Charge slits to Mass slits

• On the Tune Scaling page, "Select reference tune" (provided you know the name of a "good" tune). With options "Scale E-dipoles" and "Scale Energy", set the "Scaled parameters" to match the beam mass, post-target energy and the selected charge state. Observe the calculated high voltages on the electrostatic dipoles ED1 and ED2: if they are higher than the voltages to which the ED's have been conditioned, it will be necessary first to do voltage conditioning (see Users' Manual for Separator Hardware). "Apply scaled tune" and watch for Operations box to change from "..." to "done". With XSLITC at Position=0, Width=2mm check that the beam is centred on XSLITC. If there is more beam on the Left slit than the Right, increase the "Energy" scaled parameter and "Apply scaled tune" again. If the Right slit has more beam than the Left, Energy parameter must be decreased. Iterate until the beam is centred on XSLITC.
  Do not simply adjust MD1 current directly. This will cause the nominal beam energy to get out of sync with the true energy as calculated from the MD1 NMR, and MD1 to get out of step with the quad/sextupole fields. The error could propagate to any saved tune.
• Check that all electromagnetic elements are On: scan through each of the EPICS Optics pages (1 through 4) to see that the icons are green, that MD1 and MD2 NMR units have locked on the resonance (readings are blue, not white) and that quadrupole Hall probe readings are reasonable (look for status buttons to be green, not yellow, and for readings to be reasonably close to the ratios of Table 1).
• Check again that final Faraday cup FCF is In. Put FCM In (page Optics (2)) and take FCCH out. Make sure the MCPs are out.
• Put BCM2 In, set the range to the most sensitive one which doesn't saturate (reading below 0.98 on all of the quadrant currents). Use steering magnet SM1X (immediately downstream of FCCH) to centre the beam horizontally on BCM2. Use SM1Y for vertical centring. Provided the beam was properly centred at the target, very little current should be required to centre on BCM2 compared to full-scale current of 5 amps; need for large currents on SM1X or SM1Y may indicate a readout problem with one or more of the quadrants on BCM2.
• Pull BCM2 Out, open the Mass slits XSLITM, YSLITM to Width 25 mm each and look for beam current on cup FCM. If current is seen on one of the slits but not FCM, adjust ED1: increase ED1 if current is on the Left slit, decrease ED1 if current is on the Right slit. (If ED1 high-voltage readback does not stabilize on the new setting, check for signs of conditioning.)
• When current is seen on FCM, progressively reduce the Width of XSLITM and adjust ED1 to centre the beam, until Width = 2mm is reached.
• Check that the Mass/Charge ratio of the ions (A/q) is what you expect by comparing the ED1 setpoint voltage in kV (V) and the MD1 field value in Tesla (B) using the formula
  A/q = 2468 (B²)/V
  (The difference from the theoretical value 2412 is attributed to the ED1 HV power supply calibration. The constant may vary if the power supply is replaced after the time of writing (13 May 2004).) Deviations from the expected ratio by amounts of order 0.5% may be expected.
• Open XSLITM to Width = 15 mm. Close YSLITM to Width = 3 mm and adjust SM1Y to centre the beam. Open YSLITM to Width = 25 mm.

4.2 Tuning from Mass slits to Final slits

• From DRAGON Optics(3), pull FCM Out, put In BCM3 and set to an appropriate current range. Adjust SM2X and SM2Y to centre the beam on BCM3. (Full scale on SM2 is 5 amp.) Pull Out BCM3.
• Adjust the MD2 current so that the ratio of magnetic fields B(MD1)/B(MD2) measured by the NMR's is 0.813.
• Put In BCM4 and adjust SM2Y for vertical centring. The beam may be to the right of centre on BCM4; if so, adjust MD2 to centre it. Pull Out BCM4.
• From Optics(4) put In BCM5 and adjust SM3Y for vertical centring. Use SM3X for horizontal centring, provided its setting is small compared to full scale (100 amp). If more than approx. 15 amps is needed on SM3X, make a small adjustment to MD2 to centre on BCM5, instead. Pull Out BCM5.
• Put In BCM6 and use SM3Y to centre the beam vertically. Pull Out BCM6.
• Turn SM4X to 0 and use ED2 to centre beam as slit XSLITF is closed progressively to Width 2mm. Open XSLITF to 45 mm. Use SM4Y to centre beam as YSLITF is closed to Width 2mm. Open YSLITF to 45mm.
• Compare beam currents at FCCH, FCM and FCF to confirm that beam transmission is approx. 100%.

Save the tune, as described in the section on Scaling, remembering to update the reference E/m/q to their current values.

5 Tuning the separator for Recoil ions

Beam current on FCF should drop below a measurable level. If so, it should be safe to pull Out FCF while watching the End detector count-rate monitor. Do not pull Out FCF if measurable current remains after tuning for Recoils.

6 Change of selected charge state

7 General Troubleshooting

• Beam doesn't pass through an ED. Most often, this is because one or both of the isolation valves ("IV" on the Vacuum pages) of the ED tank is closed. If this is not the problem, the next likeliest cause is that the HV of one of the electrodes has tripped off. If the HV is on both electrodes, check that the setting is reasonable: the ED1 voltage V (in kV) is related to the MD1 field B (in kG) by

  V = 24.1 (q B²)/(A)

  and the ED2 voltage is approx. 80% of the ED1 voltage.

• Beam currents on Faraday cups indicate transmission << 100% or >> 100%. Most probable cause is that bias voltage on the electron suppressor ring of one of the Faraday cups has tripped off. Bias should be On with Reverse polarity. If transmission is still low, check slit widths and currents on slits.
• Beam doesn't focus down so > 50% passes through an X-slit set to 2-3 mm width. (with the possible exception of XSLITF if the tune is meant to focus at the end detector). Check that none of the quads has tripped off. If none tripped, check that the quad/MD1 field ratios match Table 1. If quads are all OK, check beamspot size at the target using the CCD: a large spot may indicate a quad is off in the HEBT line.